LOBNA ABDELAZIZ ALY AHMED

01/06/2023

https://digitalcommons.aaru.edu.jo/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=1203&context=fdj

LOBNA ABDELAZIZ ALY AHMED

26/12/2022

https://digitalcommons.aaru.edu.jo/fdj/vol8/iss2/6/

LOBNA ABDELAZIZ ALY AHMED

01/10/2021

https://digitalcommons.aaru.edu.jo/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=1126&context=fdj

LOBNA ABDELAZIZ ALY AHMED

01/12/2018

The use of ultrasonic vibrations for the cutting of bone was introduced three decades ago as an alternative to the mechanical and electrical instruments that are used in conventional oral surgery. Technique that lessens the risk of damage to surroundings of tissues and important structures such as nerves, vessels, and mucosa. It also reduces damage to osteocytes and permits good survival of bony cells during harvesting of bone. Piezoelectric surgery was first used by oral and maxillofacial surgeons for osteotomies, but recently some specific applications in neurosurgery and orthopedics have been proposed. We review the different applications of piezoelectric surgery in oral and maxillofacial surgery that can be utilized supported by clinical examples.

LOBNA ABDELAZIZ ALY AHMED

01/09/2016

Background: Immediate implantation was suggested to reduce the number of surgical interventions and to preserve the alveolar ridge. Implant placement demands a thorough understanding of anatomic, biologic, surgical, and prosthetic principles. Purpose: The aim of the present study was to evaluate the 18 months survival rate of osseointegration, on the basis of clinical and radiographic examinations, for simultaneous bone grafting with immediate implants supporting partial denture with locator attachment in the maxillary esthetic area. Materials and Methods: A total of twenty patients randomly assigned received 45 immediate implants with bone graft supporting maxillary partial overdentures. The clinical analysis of probing depth, bleeding index, plaque index, and radiographic analysis of crestal bone level at a follow-up interval of 6, 12, and 18 months was evaluated. Results: All implants achieved successful osseointegration. The soft tissue architecture remained stable throughout the healing period of the implants as well as after final prostheses delivery, contributing to aesthetically pleasing and biologically sound results. Conclusions: Immediate implants with locator attachment supporting maxillary partial denture can be safe, reliable, and a predictable option for the replacement of teeth in the anterior maxillary zone, providing stability to the peri-implant soft tissue.

LOBNA ABDELAZIZ ALY AHMED

01/08/2016

Background: Immediate implantation was suggested to reduce the number of surgical interventions and preserving the alveolar ridge. Implant placement in the esthetic zone demands a thorough understanding of anatomic, biologic, surgical, and prosthetic principles. Thus the aim of the present study was to evaluate the 36 months survival rate of osseointegration, on the basis of clinical and radiographic examinations, for simultaneous bone grafting with immediate implants supporting partial denture with locator attachment in maxillary esthetic area. Materials and Methods: A total of 20 patients received 45 immediate implants with bone graft supporting maxillary partial overdentures. The clinical analysis of Probing Depth (PD), Bleeding Index (BI), Plaque Index (PI) and radiographic analysis of crestal bone level at a follow up interval of 12 weeks, 24 weeks and 36 weeks were evaluated. Results: All implants achieved successful osseointegration. The soft tissue architecture remained stable throughout the healing period of the implants as well as after final prostheses delivery, contributing to esthetically pleasing and biologically sound results. Conclusion: Immediate implants with locator attachment supporting maxillary partial denture can be safe, reliable and a predictable option for the replacement of teeth in the esthetic zone, providing stability to the peri-implant soft tissue Keywords: immediate implant, bone graft, partial denture, locator

LOBNA ABDELAZIZ ALY AHMED

LOBNA ABDELAZIZ ALY AHMED, Nelly Ibrahim Hammouda Ibrahim

01/07/2016

Background: Excessive gingival display is a frequent finding that can occur because of various intraoral or extraoral etiologies. This work describes the use of a mucosal repositioned flap for the management of a gummy smile associated with vertical maxillary excess and hypermobility of the upper lip followed by injection of Botox . Methods: Seven female patients between the age group of 17 to 25 years presented with a gummy smile. At full smile the average gingival display ranged from 6 to 8 mm. A clinical examination revealed hypermobility of the upper lip .A cephalometric analysis pointed to the presence of vertical maxillary excess. The mucosal repositioned flap surgery was conducted followed by injection with Botulinum toxin type A (Botox) 2 weeks post surgically. Results: After 4 weeks results were definitely observed with a decrease from 8 mm gingival exposure to 3 mm, which was considered as normal gingival display for an adult during smiling. Conclusion: For patients desiring a less invasive alternative to orthognathic surgery, the mucosal repositioned flap is a viable alternative. Also, Botox be a useful adjunct to enhance the aesthetics and improve patient satisfaction where surgery alone may prove inadequate in moderate vertical maxillary excess. Keywords: gummy smile, lip repositioning, Botox.

LOBNA ABDELAZIZ ALY AHMED

Hala El- Menoufy

01/06/2016

Background Gingival overgrowth (GO) is usually associated with multiple factors including immunosuppressive agents as cyclosporine (CsA) and Tacrolimus (TAC), and hereditary gingival fibromatosis (HGF). Objective To compare the expression of TGF-β1, PDGF, TIMP-1 and MMP-9 at the molecular and cellular levels in patients receiving (CsA or TAC) and patients manifested (HGF), to cast some light on the pathogenic mechanism potentially involved in the collagen (COL) turnover of both conditions. Subjects and methods: Gingival tissue samples were obtained from patients undergoing therapy with CsA (n = 6), TAC (n = 6), HGF (n = 3) as well as control tissues from systemically healthy control (n = 6). Tissue sections were immune-stained by labeled streptavidin-biotin (DAB) technique, using monoclonal antibodies against TGF-β1, PDGF-β, TIMP-1 and MMP-9. Results: comparison of type of expression among the studied groups, showed significant diffuse expression of TGF-β1 and PDGF-β in group I and II with P value = 0.58 and 0.38 respectively. The expression of MMP-9 was significantly diffuse in TAC or CsA group when compared to HGF group with P value = 0.38, mean while there was a significant diffuse expression of TIMP-1 in HGF group when compared to TAC or CsA group with P value = 0.38. Conclusions In conclusion the biological mechanisms behind the drug induced gingival overgrowth (DIGO) and HGF is targeting COL turnover but in different ways. Also, this may explain the need for periodic surgical correction of the gingival form and architecture in HGF cases, unlike the DIGO which can be overcame by replacement of CsA by TAC with improvement of oral health.

LOBNA ABDELAZIZ ALY AHMED

LOBNA ABDELAZIZ ALY AHMED

01/12/2015

Background: Several studies have hypothesized that oral infection may increase the risk of preeclampsia. Aim of the work: To explore the relationship between chronic oral infection (periodontitis or pericoronitis) and the risk of development of preeclampsia in a sample of Egyptian pregnant women. Subjects and methods: Forty preeclamptic women with periodontitis and/or pericoronitis (group I) and 40 control subjects having periodontits and/or pericoronitis (group II) were subjected to microbiological assessment of subgingival plaque samples, samples of pseudo-pocket and placental samples on different culture media and multiplex PCR, while blood samples of both groups were inoculated into signal blood culture system. TNF-α was determined in gingival crevicular fluid (GCF), saliva and serum of both groups by ELISA and real time PCR. Results: There was no statistically significant difference between the two groups as regards to subgingival plaque and pericoronal pseudo-pocket organisms revealed by culture and PCR. There was no statistically significant difference between the two groups as regards to blood sample organisms revealed by culture. The total number of anaerobes in blood samples and placental samples was higher in preeclamptic group than controls it was (97 vs.70) in blood samples and (82 vs.28) in placental samples respectively. While PCR results of placental sample of the pre-eclampsia group showed statistically significantly higher prevalence of Aggregatibacter actinomycetemcomitans, Eikenella corrodens and Prevotella intermedia than that of the control. There was a statistically significant difference between the two groups as regards to the level of TNF-α by ELISA in GCF (P-value = 0.021), in saliva (P-value = 0.043) and in serum (P-value = 0.021). Conclusion: There was a relationship between chronic oral infection and preeclampsia, so treatment of oral infection during pregnancy may represent a novel approach and preventive strategy that reduce oral bacterial load which would decrease the incidence of preeclampsia. Further studies are needed to focus on. Keywords: Periodontitis-pericoronitis-preeclampsia-risk factor .

LOBNA ABDELAZIZ ALY AHMED

Neilly Hamouda

01/07/2015

Objectives:The aim of this study is to report the effect of equine demineralized bone matrix (DBM) on the healing of oral cystic cavities following enucleation using clinical parameters. Study design:Twelve patients aged from 20 to 40 years and suffering from cystic lesion in the jaw were included in this study. Cystic cavity augmentation with DBM was performed on 6 patients. After an average of 6 months’ healing period, a core bone was obtained and stained for histologic analysis simultaneously with implant placement. Results:Uneventful healing and spontaneous filling of the residual cavities was obtained in all cases. All implants showed favorable Osseointegration, and final restorations were completed without failure in all cases. Histologically, new bone formation was active around grafted bone, and grafted bone was well integrated to the newly formed bone matrix. In histomorphometric analysis, vital bone volume was 25.2 ±11.9%. Conclusion:The equine DBM is clinically useful for the increase of bone volume in cystic cavities after enucleation, because of its favorable effect of new bone formation and it is considered to be a safe, simple, reliable, acceptable, and easy handling bone grafting material. Keywords: Demineralized bone matrix; Bone graft; Oral cyst

LOBNA ABDELAZIZ ALY AHMED

LOBNA ABDELAZIZ ALY AHMED

01/01/2015

Stem cells are considered to be among the principle scientific breakthroughs of the twentieth century for the future of medicine, and considered to be an important weapon to fight against diseases, particularly those that have resisted the efforts of science for a long time. Human dental tissue have limited potentials to regenerate but the discovery of dental stem cells have developed new and surprising scenario in regenerative dentistry. Stem cell treatments are one example of the possibility using adult cells sourced from patients’ own bodies' means that it can be expected that in the near future such treatments may become routine at dental practices. The hope is that it will become possible to regenerate bone and dental tissues including the periodontal ligament, dental pulp and enamel, and that the creation of new teeth may also become feasible. In view of this possibility of achieving restoration with regenerative medicine, it can be considered that a new era of dentistry is beginning. Thus the aim of this review is to give dental professionals a brief overview of different stem cells sources and the latest findings and their implications for improving oral health and treating certain conditions of the human mouth and face. .

LOBNA ABDELAZIZ ALY AHMED

LOBNA ABDELAZIZ ALY AHMED

01/01/2015

LOBNA ABDELAZIZ ALY AHMED

Hala El- Menoufy, Laila Ahmed Rashed, Dina Sabry

01/11/2014

Objectives: Adipose tissue is now recognized as an accessible, abundant, and reliable site for the isolation of adult stem cells suitable for tissue engineering and regenerative medicine applications. Methods & Results: Oral ulcers were induced by topical application for formocresol in the oral cavity of dogs Transplantation of undifferentiated GFP-labeled Autologous Bone Marrow Stem Cell (BMSCs), Adipose Derived Stem Cell (ADSCs) or vehicle (saline) was injected around the ulcer in each group. The healing process of the ulcer was monitored clinically and histopathlogically. Gene expression of vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) was detected in MSCs by Reverse Transcription-Polymerase Chain Reaction (RT-PCR). Expression of VEGF and collagen genes was detected in biopsies from all ulcers. Results: MSCs expressed mRNA for VEGF MSCs transplantation significantly accelerated oral ulcer healing compared with controls. There was increased expression of both collagen and VEGF genes in MSCs – treated ulcers compared to controls. Conclusions: MSCs transplantation may help to accelerate oral ulcer healing, possibly through the induction of angiogenesis by VEGF together with increased intracellular matrix formation as detected by increased collagen gene expression. This body of work has provided evidence supporting clinical applications of adipose-derived cells in safety and efficacy trials as an alternative for bone marrow mesenchymal stem cells in oral ulcer healing.

LOBNA ABDELAZIZ ALY AHMED

Hala El-Menoufy, Hesham S Sadeq, Dina Sabry

01/04/2014

Bone marrow mesenchymal stem cells (BMSCs) are the key to regenerative wound healing. MSCs have spatial memory and respond to local environment. The goal of this study was to evaluate the use of systemic and intralesional transplantation of BMSCs for regeneration of oral mucosa in an in vivo dog model. Materials and Methods: Transplantation of undifferentiated green fluorescent protein (GFP)-labeled autologous BMSCs systemically, submucosally or vehicle (saline) was injected around the chemically induced oral ulcer in each group of 18 adult dogs. The healing process of the ulcer was monitored clinically and histopathologically. Gene expression of vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) and collagen genes was detected in biopsies from all ulcers. One way ANOVA was used to compare between means of the three groups. Results were considered significant at P< 0.05.

LOBNA ABDELAZIZ ALY AHMED

LOBNA ABDELAZIZ ALY AHMED

01/01/2014

LOBNA ABDELAZIZ ALY AHMED

LOBNA ABDELAZIZ ALY AHMED

01/01/2013

Abstract BACKGROUND: Bone marrow mesenchymal stem cells (BMSCs) are the key to regenerative wound healing. MSCs have spatial memory and respond to local environment. The goal of this study was to evaluate the use of systemic and intralesional transplantation of BMSCs for regeneration of oral mucosa in an in vivo dog model. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Transplantation of undifferentiated green fluorescent protein (GFP)-labeled autologous BMSCs systemically, submucosally or vehicle (saline) was injected around the chemically induced oral ulcer in each group of 18 adult dogs. The healing process of the ulcer was monitored clinically and histopathologically. Gene expression of vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) and collagen genes was detected in biopsies from all ulcers. One way ANOVA was used to compare between means of the three groups. Results were considered significant at P < 0.05. RESULTS: Flow cytometric analysis of the MSCs at the passage 3 showed that these cells were negative for CD45 (2.39%). They expressed high levels of CD29 (98.34%). Frozen fluorescence microscopy of sections of the cell-treated oral tissue of all groups indicated that the GFP-transduced implanted cells were integrated within the transplanted tissues. The treatment resulted in dramatic wound edge activation and resurfacing of oral mucosa wound. CONCLUSION: Our results revealed that BMSCs may be labeled with (GFP), in order to know the distribution of these cells after administration, and suggest that intralesional administration is an appropriate procedure to achieve acceptable regeneration of the previously injured oral mucosa more than systemic route.

LOBNA ABDELAZIZ ALY AHMED

Hala El- Menoufy, Laila Ahmed Rashed, Dina Sabry, Amal Hassan, Nagwa Roshdy, Hazem Atta

01/07/2011

Background and Objectives: Autogenous bone grafts is considered to be the best choice for reconstructive surgery. Adipose Derived Stromal Cells (ASCs) represents a promising tool for new clinical concepts in supporting cellular therapy. The goal of our study was to investigate bone regeneration following application of autologous ASCs with or without Platelet-Rich Plasma (PRP) at dehiscence-type defects in alveolar bone in dogs. Methods and Results: Standardized buccal dehiscence defects (4× 3×3 mm) were surgically created in eighteen dogs, the defects were grafted with either ASCs -PRP, ASCs alone, or without grafting material. Three months later; a bone core was harvested from grafted and non grafted sites for histological, histochemical and histomorphometric assessment. There was no evidence of inflammation or adverse tissue reaction with either treatment. Defects grafted with ASCs-PRP showed a significantly higher result (p≤ 0.05), with a mean area % of spongy bone and compact bone of (64.96±5.37 and 837.62±24.95), compared to ASCs alone (47.65±1.43 and 661.92±12.65) and without grafting (33.55± 1.74 and 290.85±7.27) respectively. The area % of lamellated bone increased significantly reaching its highest level in group A followed by group B. Also a significant increase in area % of neutral mucopolysaccharides and calcified reactivity of Masson|s Trichrome stain in groups A and B compared to group C was obtained. Conclusions: Our results suggest that, the addition of PRP to ASCs enhances bone formation after 3 months and may be clinically effective in accelerating postsurgical healing in both periodontal and maxillofacial surgical applications.

LOBNA ABDELAZIZ ALY AHMED

Amaal Tohamy, Hala El menoufy, Mahmoud Elmeteni, Amr Abdelaal, Khaled Mahmoud Makboul

01/06/2010

LOBNA ABDELAZIZ ALY AHMED

01/01/2010

Background: The placement of implants in edentulous areas is often compromised by a thin alveolar crest; this offers advantages from aesthetic, biomechanical, and functional points of view. The clinician should use surgical techniques that prevent esthetic complications. Thus the aim of this study was to determine to what extent the surgical flap design used during implant placement simultaneous with localized maxillary expansion influences peri-implant interproximal crestal bone loss. Patients and methods: A total of 10 patients were included in this study of both sexes with age ranging from 35 to 55 years and equally divided in two groups according to the surgical flap protocol. Radiographic assessment was recorded at 1, 3 and 6 months calculated from the day of expansion and implant placement as in group A and group B the measurements of the crestal bone level were evaluated by distance implant-shoulder to the bone (DIB) for both groups. Results: All implants successfully osseointegrated and no implant was removed when the abutment was connected or before or during follow- up. The flapless group showed more superior properties over the conventional flap group as regards the colour, mucosal thickness and texture around the implant which was reflected on the overall appearance of the tissues surrounding the implants. The mean of DIB was (1.6mm) for group A and was (1.9mm) for group B at the end of 6 months follow up period . Conclusion: flapless implant placement simultaneous with bone expansion serve as an innovative technique that offers an atraumatic alternative to the traditional use of osteotomes and the technique was relatively simple as well as the incidence of postoperative bone loss was limited than flap approach . Keywords: flap design, ridge expansion, bone loss.

LOBNA ABDELAZIZ ALY AHMED

01/01/2010

Background: Variety of drugs has been found to produce gingival overgrowth and gingival bleeding; in patients receiving them. Tacrolimus (TAC/FK506) is structurally different from Cyclosporine A (CsA), but has a similar ability to inhibit the rejection of transplanted organs. Vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) and Platelet –derived growth factor (PDGF-B) are two of the most important proangiogenic factors over expressed in many human tissue disorders. Elevated levels of these cytokines are correlated with worth clinical outcomes observed in many cases of solid tumors, gingival bleeding and gingival overgrowth. Objective: The purpose of the present study was to assess the amount of VEGF and PDGF-B expression in gingival connective tissues and its correlation clinically to increased gingival bleeding tendency in liver transplant patients receiving CsA or Tacrolimus therapy. Methodology: A total of 15 patients were included in the present study. Ten Liver transplant recipients were at least 6 months post-transplant and medicated with TAC (Group I) (n=5 individuals), and with CsA (Group II) (n=5 individuals). Five subjects served as healthy controls (Group III). Gingival samples were obtained from all groups and tissue sections were stained with haematoxylin –eosin to under go histopathological examination by light microscope. Another section from the same gingival specimens was examined by immunohistochemical staining using VEGF and PDGF-B antibodies. Results: No significant difference was found between group I and III in terms of plaque index, gingival index or gingival bleeding index scores. A similar range of gingival overgrowth assessment scores were recorded for both groups. Histopathological examination of gingival sections in group II showed marked hyperplasia of lining mucosa, elongated gingival papillae, pronounced focal erosion, and Lamina propria showed marked mononuclear cellular infiltration, vascular proliferation and fibrosis. Meanwhile group I showed mild gingival thickening with mild papillary elongation and no vascular proliferation was observed. VEGF and PDGF-B immunostaining results showed the least immunoreactivity in control group (Gp III). Moderate expression was observed in (Gp I). While strong expression of both growth factors was observed in (Gp II). Conclusion: This study demonstrates a decrease expression of VEGF and PDGF-B in TAC treated group, which is associated with almost absence of gingival bleeding tendency as adverse side effect when compared to CsA and thus it may have potential as an alternative immunosuppressant for individuals susceptible to spontaneous gingival bleeding tendency, most notably with CsA therapy. Key words: Gingival bleeding; immunosuppressive drugs; liver transplantation.

LOBNA ABDELAZIZ ALY AHMED

01/01/2010

Background: Mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs), a subpopulation of adult somatic stem cells, are an attractive stem cell source in regenerative medicine because of their multipotentiality. In this study, the effects of MSCs transplantation on oral ulcer healing were examined. Methods: Mesenchymal stem cells were isolated from bone marrow aspirates of dogs by dish adherence and expanded in culture. Oral ulcers were induced by topical application of formocresol in the oral cavity of dogs. Either autologous MSCs or vehicle (saline) was injected around the ulcer. The healing process of the ulcer was monitored clinically and histopathologically. Gene expression of vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) was detected in MSCs by reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction. Expression of VEGF and collagen genes was detected in biopsies from all ulcers. Results: Mesenchymal stem cells expressed mRNA for VEGF MSCs transplantation significantly accelerated oral ulcer healing compared with controls. There was increased expression of both collagen and VEGF genes in MSCs-treated ulcers compared with controls. Conclusion: Mesenchymal stem cells transplantation may help accelerate oral ulcer healing, possibly through the induction of angiogenesis by VEGF together with increased intracellular matrix formation as detected by increased collagen gene expression. Keywords: bone marrow; mesenchymal stem cells; oral ulcer

LOBNA ABDELAZIZ ALY AHMED

01/01/2009

Purpose: To evaluate the success rate and marginal bone loss in dental implants loaded after 6 weeks in the mandible, and for 36 weeks of follow-up. Materials and Methods: The sample was composed of 15 subjects having 1 or more implants placed and loaded early between 2007 and 2009. Success rate was evaluated following Buser’s criteria. A protocol was made in which patient age, gender; implant location, diameter and length, type of prosthesis, and the location of the opposing teeth were collected. Marginal bone loss was evaluated at 12, 24 and 36 weeks of loading on intraoral x-ray findings. A statistical analysis was made to process the variables. Results: A total of 17 dental implants were positioned in 15 patients. The fixation success rate was 95%; mean bone loss was 0.58mm after 36 weeks of loading. The factors seen to exert a significant influence on bone loss were the zone of the arch and the teeth opposing the implant. Conclusion: The recorded success rate and bone loss were similar to the values reported in the literature, thus supporting early loading as a safe and predictable procedure that allows a reduction in treatment time. Keywords: early loading implant, marginal bone loss, success rate.

LOBNA ABDELAZIZ ALY AHMED

01/01/2009

Background: During the past decade, several studies reported that dental plaque and poor oral health have been associated with nosocomial pneumonia and chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD). Objective: The aim of the study is to explore the possible cause and effect relationship between oral anaerobic infections in periodontitis and pericoronitis and COPD. It is meant to evaluate the therapeutic procedures performed in treating periodontal and pericoronal infections on the level of TNF- α both in gingival crevicular fluid (GCF) and serum. Patients and methods: Subgingival plaque samples were collected from 15 COPD patients with periodontitis (group 1) , pericoronal deposits samples were collected from 15 COPD patients with pericoronitis (group 2) and Bronchoalveolar lavage (BAL) specimens were collected from all patients before oral infection treatment for microbiological examination. Using enzyme linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) and reversed transcription polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) techniques were performed to evaluate TNF- α levels in GCF and serum of the above mentioned groups, before and after oral infection treatment. Results: Obligate anaerobes represented 72% and 78.9% of the total isolates in subgingival plaque and BAL specimens of (group 1), and represented 70% and 72.7% of the total isolates in pericoronal and BAL specimens of (group 2) before treatment. TNF- α level in GCF and serum of group1 by ELISA was (4.2 pg/ml± 1.2, 6 pg/ml ± 1.4 respectively) before treatment and (2.2 pg/ml ±1.4, 3.1 pg/ml±1.3 respectively) after treatment. While in group 2 it was (5 pg/ml± 1.5, 7.3 pg/ml ± 1.6 respectively) before treatment and (2.3 pg/ml ±1, 4 pg/ml±1.4 respectively) after treatment. There was significant correlation between TNF- α in GCF before and after treatment by ELISA since p < 0.001 and between serum TNF- α before and after treatment since p < 0.001 in group 1 and in group 2 separately. Also there was significant correlation between ELISA and PCR as regards to TNF- α in GCF after treatment and TNF- α in serum after treatment in group 1 and in group 2 separately since p <0.001. Conclusion: Pathogens responsible for periodontitis and pericoronitis could act as potentially risk factors in the pathogenesis of COPD. Anaerobic bacteria and level of TNF-α at sites affected by periodontitis and pericoronitis as well as the serum of COPD patients might provide a potential pathogenate mechanism and hence one therapeutic target and could facilitate the screening, diagnosis and treatment of those diseases.